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2 Amy G. Bryant and Jonas J. Swartz, “Why Crisis Pregnancy Centers Are Legal but Unethical,” AMA Journal of Ethics 20, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 269–77. https://doi.org/10.1001/ journalofethics.2018.20.3.pfor1-1803.
3 “Why Is the Billion-Dollar…”
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6 Andrea Swartzendruber et al., “Crisis Pregnancy Centers in the United States: Lack of Adherence to Medical and Ethical Practice Standards; a Joint Position Statement of the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and the North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology,” Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 32, no. 6 (December 2019): 563–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2019.10.008.
7 Dawn Stacey, “The Pregnancy Center Movement: History of Crisis Pregnancy Centers,” Crisis Pregnancy Center Watch.
8 Swartzendruber A and Lambert D. Crisis Pregnancy Center Map. https://www.cpcmap.com. January 22, 2025. Accessed: July 11, 2025.
9 Rachel K. Jones, Candace Gibson, and Jesse Philbin, “The Number of Brick-and-Mortar Abortion Clinics Drops, as US Abortion Rate Rises: New Data Underscore the Need for Policies That Support Providers,” Guttmacher Institute, July 10, 2024. https://www.guttmacher.org/ report/abortion-clinics-united-states-2020-2024.
10 Swartz et al., “Comparing Website Identification…”
11 “Profiting from Deceit: How Google Profits From Anti-Choice Ads Distorting Searches For Reproductive Healthcare,” Center for Countering Digital Hate, June 2023.
12 Laura E. Dodge et al., “Quality of Information Available Online for Abortion Self-Referral,” Obstetrics & Gynecology 132, no. 6 (December 2018): 1443–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/ aog.0000000000002950.
13 Bryant and Swartz, “Legal but Unethical…”
14 Swartzendruber et al., “Lack of Adherence…”
15 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Abortion Access and Crisis Pregnancy Centers. Committee Opinion No. 815, 2022.
16 U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Reform. A Report on the Use of Deceptive Tactics by Anti-Abortion Pregnancy Centers, 2021.
17 National Institute for Reproductive Health (NIRH). Crisis Pregnancy Centers: Inaccurate, Unregulated, and Publicly Funded, 2023.
18 Texas Health and Human Services. Alternatives to Abortion Program Report for Fiscal Year 2023, 2023.
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20 Carly Thomsen et al., “U.S. Anti-Abortion Ideology on the Move: Mobile Crisis Pregnancy Centers as Unruly, Unmappable, and Ungovernable,” Political Geography 92 (January 2022): 102523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102523.
21 Carly Thomsen et al., “Presence and Absence: Crisis Pregnancy Centers and Abortion Facilities in the Contemporary Reproductive Justice Landscape,” Human Geography 16, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/19427786221109959.
22 Alice F. Cartwright, Katherine Tumlinson, and Ushma D. Upadhyay, “Pregnancy Outcomes after Exposure to Crisis Pregnancy Centers among an Abortion-Seeking Sample Recruited Online,” PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 28, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255152.
23 “Issue Brief: Crisis Pregnancy Centers,” ACOG. Accessed July 12, 2025. https://www.acog.org/ advocacy/abortion-is-essential/trending-issues/issue-brief-crisis-pregnancy-centers.
24 Kimberly Kelly, “Evangelical Underdogs: Intrinsic Success, Organizational Solidarity, and Marginalized Identities as Religious Movement Resources,” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 43, no. 4 (February 24, 2014): 419–55. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0891241613516627.
25 “Preventing Pregnancy-Related Deaths,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, September 25, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/maternal-mortality/preventing-pregnancy-related- deaths/index.html.
26 False and misleading health information provided by federally funded pregnancy resource centers: prepared for Rep. Henry A. Waxman (2006).
27 Swartzendruber et al., “Lack of Adherence…”
28 “Issue Brief: Crisis Pregnancy Centers,” ACOG. Accessed July 14, 2025. https://www.acog.org/ advocacy/abortion-is-essential/trending-issues/issue-brief-crisis-pregnancy-centers.
29 Abigail Brooks, “Crisis Pregnancy Center’s Forms Give Rare Insight into Anti-Abortion Practices,” NBCNews.com, October 13, 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/health/womens-health/ crisis-pregnancy-centers-forms-privacy-abortion-rcna172566.
30 Shachar and Adashi, “Addressing the HIPAA Blind Spot…”
31 “A Documentation of Data Exploitation in Sexual and Reproductive Rights,” Privacy International, April 21, 2020. https://privacyinternational.org/long-read/3669/documentation- data-exploitation-sexual-and-reproductive-rights.
32 “Unregulated Pregnancy Clinic Finance Watch,” Reproductive Health and Freedom Watch, June 3, 2025. https://reproductivehealthfreedom.us/upc-finance-watch/.
33 “NIFLA: National Institute of Family and Life Advocates,” NIFLA.org, April 25, 2024. https:// nifla.org/.
34 Karan S. Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised on Crisis Pregnancy Center Websites,” JAMA Internal Medicine 185, no. 2 (February 1, 2025): 238. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jamainternmed.2024.6440.
35 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, “Crisis Pregnancy Centers in the U.S.: Lack of Adherence to Medical and Ethical Practice Standards,” Journal of Adolescent Health 65, no. 6 (December 2019): 821–24. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.08.008.
36 Brooks, “Crisis Pregnancy Center’s Forms…”
37 Danielle N. Lambert et al., “Crisis Pregnancy Centers in the United States: Post-Dobbs Characteristics and Changes,” American Journal of Public Health 115, no. 6 (June 2025): 924–35. https: //doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2025.308055.
38 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
39 Carly Thomsen, “Crisis Pregnancy Centers and Sonograms,” SSRC The Imminent Frame, August 3, 2020. https://tif.ssrc.org/2020/08/07/crisis-pregnancy-centers-and-sonograms/.
40 “NIFLA: The Life Choice Project: Legal Training,” NIFLA.org, June 14, 2018. https://nifla.org/ life-choice-project-tlc/.
41 Michael Clauw, “Google Helps Anti-Abortion Centers Deceive Women Seeking Ultrasounds,” Campaign for Accountability, April 17, 2025. https://campaignforaccountability.org/google- helps-anti-abortion-centers-deceive-women-searching-for-ultrasound-appointments/.
42 “Prudent Use and Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Pregnancy,” www.aium.org, May 19, 2020. https://www.aium.org/resources/official-statements/view/prudent-use-and-safety-of- diagnostic-ultrasound-in-pregnancy.
43 “Training Guidelines for Licensed Medical Providers Who Perform and Interpret Ultrasound- Guided Procedures,” www.aium.org, March 29, 2025. https://www.aium.org/resources/training- guidelines/view/training-guidelines-for-licensed-medical-providers-who-perform-and-interpret- ultrasound-guided-procedures.
44 CMSTeam, “Medical Q&A: ‘Can We Just Do Ultrasounds without Becoming a Medical Clinic?’,” Care Net, April 10, 2018. https://care-net.org/center-insights-blog/medical-qanda-ultrasounds/. 45 Amelia Baker, “Official Opinion 96-26,” Office of the Attorney General, accessed July 12, 2025. https://law.georgia.gov/opinions/96-26.
46 Dave Wilkins, “Who Can Legally Preg Check Cows in Your State? – | Ag Proud,” Ag Proud, August 29, 2012. https://www.agproud.com/articles/19323-who-can-legally-preg-check-cows- in-your-state.
47 Vet Candy, “Ultrasound Dilemma: Battle Over Veterinary Practice Laws Sparks Controversy,” Vet Candy, April 29, 2024. https://www.myvetcandy.com/blog/2024/4/28/ultrasound-dilemma- battle-over-veterinary-practice-laws-sparks-controversy.
48 “22 Tex.. Admin. Code § 573.15 – Use of Ultrasound in Diagnosis or Therapy,” Legal Information Institute, accessed July 14, 2025. https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/texas/22- Tex-Admin-Code-SS-573-15.
49 CMSTeam, “Medical Q&A…”
50 “Prudent Use and Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Pregnancy.”
51 “Training Guidelines for Licensed Medical Providers…”
52 “AIUM Practice Parameter for Documentation of an Ultrasound Examination” (American
Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, 2019).
53 Ultrasound Trainers, “Legal Requirements for Opening an Elective Ultrasound Clinic: A
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54 Mike Crawley, “Buy A Scanner, Open a Shop: Anyone Can Do Fetal Ultrasound in Ontario,”
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pickering-provincial-regulation-1.3589897.
55 “National Association of Free & Charitable Clinics | NAFC,” The National Association of Free
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56 “NIFLA: National Institute of Family and Life Advocates.”
57 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and North American Society for Pediatric and
Adolescent Gynecology, “Lack of Adherence…”
58 Brooks, “Crisis Pregnancy Center’s Forms…”
59 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
60 Swartzendruber and Lambert, Crisis Pregnancy Center Map.
61 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
62 Lambert et al., “Post-Dobbs Characteristics and Changes.”
63 Shachar and Adashi, “Addressing the HIPAA Blind Spot…”
64 Bryant and Swartz, “Legal but Unethical.”
65 “Truth and Transparency in Pregnancy Counseling Centers H-420.954” (American Medical Association, 2024).
66 “Issue Brief: Crisis Pregnancy Centers,” (ACOG Government Affairs, October 2022). 67 “NIFLA: National Institute of Family and Life Advocates.”
68 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, “Lack of Adherence…”
69 Brooks, “Crisis Pregnancy Center’s Forms…”
70 Lambert et al., “Post-Dobbs Characteristics and Changes.”
71 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
72 “NIFLA: National Institute of Family and Life Advocates.”
73 “Prudent Use and Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Pregnancy.”
74 CMSTeam, “Medical Q&A…”
75 Brooks, “Crisis Pregnancy Center’s Forms…”
76 Marisa Smith, “HHS Closure Letter – The Unexpected Pregnancy Center” (US Department of
Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights, November 26, 2024).
77 CMSTeam, “Medical Q&A…”
78 “Issue Brief: Crisis Pregnancy Centers,” ACOG.
79 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and North American Society for Pediatric and
Adolescent Gynecology, “Lack of Adherence…”
80 “Truth and Transparency…”
81 “NIFLA: National Institute of Family and Life Advocates.”
82 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
83 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and North American Society for Pediatric and
Adolescent Gynecology, “Lack of Adherence…”
84 Brooks, “Crisis Pregnancy Center’s Forms…”
85 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
86 Swartzendruber and Lambert, Crisis Pregnancy Center Map.
87 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
88 Lambert et al., “Post-Dobbs Characteristics and Changes.”
89 Shachar and Adashi, “Addressing the HIPAA Blind Spot…”
90 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, “Lack of Adherence…”
91 “Truth and Transparency…”.
92 Swartzendruber and Lambert, Crisis Pregnancy Center Map.
93 “Unregulated Pregnancy Clinic Finance Watch,” Reproductive Health and Freedom Watch.
94 “NIFLA: National Institute of Family and Life Advocates.”
95 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
96 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, “Lack of Adherence…”
97 Brooks, “Crisis Pregnancy Center’s Forms…”
98 Elaine Chan et al., “Patient Experiences at California Crisis Pregnancy Centers: A Mixed- Methods Analysis of Online Crowd-Sourced Reviews, 2010–2019,” Southern Medical Journal 115, no. 2
99 Montoya et. al, “The Problems with Crisis Pregnancy Centers.”
100 “Issue Brief: Crisis Pregnancy Centers,” ACOG.
101 “Unregulated Pregnancy Clinic Finance Watch,” Reproductive Health and Freedom Watch.
102 “Option Line,” HeartbeatInternational.org, April 16, 2025. https:// www.heartbeatinternational.org/our-work/option-line.
103 “Worldwide Directory of Pregnancy Help,” HeartbeatServices.org, accessed July 14, 2025. https: //www.heartbeatservices.org/worldwide-directory.
104 CMSTeam, “Pregnancy Decision Line – Care Net’s National Hotline,” Care Net, January 26, 2024. https://care-net.org/pregnancy-decision-line/.
105 “Find a Pregnancy Center,” Pregnancy Decision Line, April 10, 2025. https:// pregnancydecisionline.org/find-a-pregnancy-center/.
106 “Abortion Information Helpline,” Pregnancy Decision Line, March 12, 2025. https:// pregnancydecisionline.org/.
107 “Pregnant? Need Help?,” The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington, November 27, 2024. https://adw.org/about-us/resources/pregnant-need-help/.
108 “NIFLA: National Institute of Family and Life Advocates.”
109 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
110 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, “Lack of Adherence…”
111 Brooks, “Crisis Pregnancy Center’s Forms…”
112 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
113 Swartzendruber and Lambert, Crisis Pregnancy Center Map.
114 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
115 Lambert et al., “Post-Dobbs Characteristics and Changes.”
116 Shachar and Adashi, “Addressing the HIPAA Blind Spot…”
117 Elaine Chan et al., “Patient Experiences at California Crisis Pregnancy Centers: A Mixed- Methods Analysis of Online Crowd-Sourced Reviews, 2010–2019,” Southern Medical Journal 115, no. 2 (February 2022): 144–51. https://doi.org/10.14423/smj.0000000000001353.
118 Montoya et. al, “The Problems with Crisis Pregnancy Centers.”
119 “Issue Brief: Crisis Pregnancy Centers,” ACOG.
120 “Prudent Use and Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Pregnancy.”
121 CMSTeam, “Medical Q&A…”
122 Jenifer McKenna, “Unregulated Pregnancy Clinics Collect Health Information from Pregnant People with No Privacy Protection,” Ms. Magazine, August 13, 2024. https://msmagazine.com/ 2024/08/12/crisis-pregnancy-center-health-information-hipaa-privacy-anti-abortion- republicans-pro-life/.
123 Abigail Brooks, “Watchdog Group Asks 5 Attorneys General to Investigate Crisis Pregnancy Center Privacy Practices,” NBCNews.com, October 12, 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/watchdog-group-asks-5-attorneys-general-investigate-crisis-pregnancy-c- rcna148188.
124 “A Documentation of Data Exploitation in Sexual and Reproductive Rights,” Privacy International.
125 “Truth and Transparency…”
126 “Issue Brief: Crisis Pregnancy Centers,” ACOG.
127 Swartzendruber and Lambert, Crisis Pregnancy Center Map.
128 “Unregulated Pregnancy Clinic Finance Watch,” Reproductive Health and Freedom Watch.
129 Swartzendruber and Lambert, Crisis Pregnancy Center Map.
130 “Unregulated Pregnancy Clinic Finance Watch,” Reproductive Health and Freedom Watch.
131 Ibid.
132 Swartzendruber and Lambert, Crisis Pregnancy Center Map.
133 Donovan, “Pregnancy Centers Offer Hope…”
134 “Unregulated Pregnancy Clinic Finance Watch,” Reproductive Health and Freedom Watch.
135 “Truth and Transparency…”
136 Swartzendruber and Lambert, Crisis Pregnancy Center Map.
137 “Unregulated Pregnancy Clinic Finance Watch,” Reproductive Health and Freedom Watch.
138 Swartzendruber and Lambert, Crisis Pregnancy Center Map.
139 Ibid.
140 Ibid.
141 “Truth and Transparency…”
142 “State Freedom of Information Laws,” National Freedom of Information Coalition, accessed July 19, 2025. https://www.nfoic.org/state-freedom-of-information-laws/.
143 “NIFLA: National Institute of Family and Life Advocates.”
144 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
145 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, “Lack of Adherence…”
146 Brooks, “Crisis Pregnancy Center’s Forms…”
147 Ibid.
148 “A Documentation of Data Exploitation in Sexual and Reproductive Rights,” Privacy International.
149 Brooks, “Crisis Pregnancy Center’s Forms…”
150 Brooks, “Watchdog Group Asks 5 Attorneys General…”
151 McKenna, “Unregulated Pregnancy Clinics Collect Health Information…”
152 Xenia Ellenbogen, “Anti-Abortion Centers Are Surveilling Clients and May Help Criminalize Them,” Prism Reports, March 6, 2023. https://prismreports.org/2022/08/24/anti-abortion- centers-surveilling-criminalizing-clients/.
153 “Next Level,” Next Level Center Management Solution, accessed July 14, 2025. https:// www.nextlevelcms.com/.
154 “Cool Focus for Pregnancy Centers,” Way Cool, October 7, 2022. https://waycoolsw.com/ organizations/pregnancy-centers/.
155 “The CPC Industry as a Surveillance Tool of the Post-Roe State” (The Alliance, February 2022).
156 “A Documentation of Data Exploitation in Sexual and Reproductive Rights,” Privacy International.
157 Jesse M Coleman and Leon Rodriguez, “50-State Survey of Health Care Information Privacy Laws” (Seyfarth, 2023).
158 “The Free Medical Clinic: A Practical Handbook for Health Care Providers” (AMA and AHLA, 2016), 29–31.
159 “NIFLA: National Institute of Family and Life Advocates.”
160 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
161 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, “Lack of Adherence…”
162 Brooks, “Crisis Pregnancy Center’s Forms…”
163 Ibid.
164 McKenna, “Unregulated Pregnancy Clinics Collect Health Information…”
165 Ibid.
166 Ellenbogen, “Anti-Abortion Centers Are Surveilling Clients…”
167 “Next Level.”
168 “Cool Focus for Pregnancy Centers.”
169 “The CPC Industry as a Surveillance Tool of the Post-Roe State.”
170 “A Documentation of Data Exploitation in Sexual and Reproductive Rights,” Privacy International.
171 “Truth and Transparency…”
172 “Issue Brief: Crisis Pregnancy Centers,” ACOG.
173 “What to Expect at Your First Visit to the Pregnancy Resource Center,” Pregnancy Resource Center of Mountain Grove, May 9, 2025. https://prcofmg.net/what-to-expect/.
174 McKenna, “Unregulated Pregnancy Clinics Collect Health Information…”
175 Swartzendruber and Lambert, Crisis Pregnancy Center Map.
176 Katrina Kimport, “Pregnant Women’s Reasons for and Experiences of Visiting Antiabortion Resource Centers,” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 52, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1363/psrh.12131.
177 “Truth and Transparency…”
178 “NIFLA: National Institute of Family and Life Advocates.” 179 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
180 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, “Lack of Adherence…”
181 Brooks, “Crisis Pregnancy Center’s Forms…”
182 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
183 Swartzendruber and Lambert, Crisis Pregnancy Center Map.
184 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
185 Lambert et al., “Post-Dobbs Characteristics and Changes.”
186 “NIFLA: National Institute of Family and Life Advocates.”
187 “Prudent Use and Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Pregnancy.”
188 CMSTeam, “Medical Q&A…”
189 Clauw, “Google Helps Anti-Abortion Centers…”
190 Thomsen et al., “U.S. Anti-Abortion Ideology on the Move…”
191 “Approach,” ICU Mobile, accessed July 15, 2025. https://www.icumobile.org/approach.
192 “Stork Bus – Save the Storks: Empower Women to Choose Life,” Save the Storks, January 9, 2025. https://savethestorks.com/stork-bus/.
193 Shachar and Adashi, “Addressing the HIPAA Blind Spot…”
194 “Truth and Transparency…”
195 Swartzendruber and Lambert, Crisis Pregnancy Center Map.
196 “NIFLA: National Institute of Family and Life Advocates.”
197 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
198 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, “Lack of Adherence…”
199 Alice X. Chen, “Crisis Pregnancy Centers: Impeding the Right to Informed Decision Making,” Cardozo Journal of Law and Gender 19 (2012): 933–60.
200 Brooks, “Crisis Pregnancy Center’s Forms…”
201 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
202 Swartzendruber and Lambert, Crisis Pregnancy Center Map.
203 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
204 Lambert et al., “Post-Dobbs Characteristics and Changes.”
205 “Prudent Use and Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Pregnancy.”
206 CMSTeam, “Medical Q&A…”
207 Thomsen et al., “U.S. Anti-Abortion Ideology on the Move…”
208 “Approach,” ICU Mobile.
209 “Stork Bus…”
210 “Truth and Transparency…”
211 “Abortion and Cancer Risk: Abortion and Breast Cancer Risk,” Abortion and Breast Cancer Risk, accessed July 15, 2025, https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/medical-treatments/ abortion-and-breast-cancer-risk.html.
212 “Reproductive History and Cancer Risk,” National Cancer Institute, accessed July 15, 2025,
213 “Induced Abortion and Breast Cancer Risk,” The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, accessed July 15, 2025, https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/ committee-opinion/articles/2009/06/induced-abortion-and-breast-cancer-risk.
214 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine et al., “The Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the United States,” National Academies Press, May 24, 2018, https://doi.org/ 10.17226/24950.
215 Heather D Boonstra et al., “Abortion in Women’s Lives” (Guttmacher Institute, 2006).
216 “Abortion Care,” The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, accessed July 15, 2025, https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/induced-abortion.
217 Zara Abrams, “The Facts About Abortion and Mental Health,” Monitor on psychology, April 21, 2023, https://www.apa.org/monitor/2022/09/news-facts-abortion-mental-health.
218 Trine Munk-Olsen et al., “Induced First-Trimester Abortion and Risk of Mental Disorder,” The New England Journal of Medicine 364, no. 4 (January 27, 2011), https://doi.org/0.1056/ NEJMoa0905882.
219 Julia R. Steinberg, Charles E. McCulloch, and Nancy E. Adler, “Abortion and Mental Health: Findings From the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication,” Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 69, no. 6 (June 2014): 324–25, https://doi.org/10.1097/ogx.0000000000000063.
220 Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, “Mifeprex (Mifepristone) Information,” U.S. Food and Drug Administration, accessed July 15, 2025, https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug- safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-about-mifepristone-medical- termination-pregnancy-through-ten-weeks-gestation.
221 “Abortion Access Fact Sheet,” The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, accessed July 15, 2025, https://www.acog.org/advocacy/abortion-is-essential/come-prepared/ abortion-access-fact-sheet.
222 Elizabeth G. Raymond and David A. Grimes, “The Comparative Safety of Legal Induced Abortion and Childbirth in the United States,” Obstet. Gynecol 119, no. 6 (June 2012): 1271–72,
223 “Truth and Transparency…”
224 “Issue Brief: Crisis Pregnancy Centers,” ACOG.
225 “NIFLA: National Institute of Family and Life Advocates.”
226 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
227 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, “Lack of Adherence…”
228 Brooks, “Crisis Pregnancy Center’s Forms…”
229 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
230 Ibid.
231 Swartzendruber and Lambert, Crisis Pregnancy Center Map.
232 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
233 Lambert et al., “Post-Dobbs Characteristics and Changes.”
234 “Prudent Use and Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Pregnancy.”
235 CMSTeam, “Medical Q&A…”
236 Thomsen et al., “U.S. Anti-Abortion Ideology on the Move…”
237 “Approach,” ICU Mobile.
238 “Stork Bus…”
239 Chan et al., “Patient Experiences at California Crisis Pregnancy Centers…”
240 Montoya et. al, “The Problems with Crisis Pregnancy Centers.”
241 “Issue Brief: Crisis Pregnancy Centers,” ACOG.
242 Brooks, “Crisis Pregnancy Center’s Forms…”
243 McKenna, “Unregulated Pregnancy Clinics Collect Health Information…”
244 “A Documentation of Data Exploitation in Sexual and Reproductive Rights,” Privacy International.
245 “Truth and Transparency…”
246 “Issue Brief: Crisis Pregnancy Centers,” ACOG.
247 “Crisis Pregnancy Center’s Forms…” aNews.com.
248 Shachar and Adashi, “Addressing the HIPAA Blind Spot…”
249 Bryant and Swartz, “Legal but Unethical.”
250 Ibid.
251 Thomsen et al., “U.S. Anti-Abortion Ideology on the Move…”
252 Thomsen et al., “Presence and Absence…”
253 Shachar and Adashi, “Addressing the HIPAA Blind Spot…”
254 Desai et al., “Characterizing Services Advertised…”
255 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine and North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, “Lack of Adherence…”
256 Shachar and Adashi, “Addressing the HIPAA Blind Spot…”
257 “The CPC Industry as a Surveillance Tool of the Post-Roe State.” 258 “Why Is the Billion-Dollar…”
259 Donovan, “Pregnancy Centers Offer Hope…”
260 Shachar and Adashi, “Addressing the HIPAA Blind Spot…”
261 “A Documentation of Data Exploitation in Sexual and Reproductive Rights,” Privacy International.
262 Jessica Valenti, “Exclusive: Health Data Breach at America’s Largest Crisis Pregnancy Org,” Abortion, Every Day, May 30, 2024, https://jessica.substack.com/p/exclusive-health-data- breach-at-americas.
263 Shachar and Adashi, “Addressing the HIPAA Blind Spot…”
264 Grace E. Howard, “Crisis Pregnancy Centers Are a Threat, Even If You Don’t Want an Abortion,” VISIBLE Magazine, October 18, 2023, https://visiblemagazine.com/crisis-pregnancy- centers-threat/.
265 “Why Is the Billion-Dollar…”
266 Ibid.
267 “Unregulated Pregnancy Clinic Finance Watch,” Reproductive Health and Freedom Watch.
268 Bryant and Swartz, “Legal but Unethical.”
269 “Abortion Pill Reversal 101,” Heartbeatinternational.org, accessed July 15, 2025,
270 “Medication Abortion Reversal Is Not Supported by Science,” The American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologists, accessed July 15, 2025, https://www.acog.org/advocacy/facts-
are-
271 Thomsen, “Crisis Pregnancy Centers and Sonograms.”
272 “NIFLA: The Life Choice Project: Legal Training.”
273 Shachar and Adashi, “Addressing the HIPAA Blind Spot…”
274 Ibid.
275 “Designed to Deceive…”
276 Carly Polcyn et al., “Truth and Transparency in Crisis Pregnancy Centers,” Women’s Health
Reports 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 224–26, https://doi.org/10.1089/whr.2020.0057.
277 “Designed to Deceive…”
278 Swartzendruber and Lambert, Crisis Pregnancy Center Map.
279 Carly Thomsen, “Animating and Sustaining Outrage: The Place of Crisis Pregnancy Centers in Abortion Justice,” Human Geography 15, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 300–306,
280 Alice F Cartwright et al., “Identifying National Availability of Abortion Care and Distance from Major US Cities: Systematic Online Search,” Journal of Medical Internet Research 20, no. 5 (May 14, 2018), https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.9717.
281 Thomsen et al., “U.S. Anti-Abortion Ideology on the Move…”
282 Thomsen et al., “Presence and Absence…”
283 “Anti-Choice Leaders Are Mobilizing Thousands of Unregulated Pregnancy Clinics against Abortion Access Ballot Initiatives,” Reproductive Health and Freedom Watch, November 4, 2024,
284 Ibid.
285 Ibid.
286 “New Poll Findings: Voters Oppose Crisis Pregnancy Centers and Want to See Increased Regulations” (Global Strategy Group, May 2024).
